Learning the Culture and Language of the Media: A Critique

This article emphasized the necessity of learning the culture, norms and language that media uses in order to establish a mutually beneficial relationship between the media publisher (i.e. newspaper organizations) and another institution requiring publicity specifically academic institutions.Mass media plays a significant role in academic institutions in terms of promoting its programs, conveying a reputed image and establishing accountability and transparency.   Academic institutions on the other hand not only serve as sources of important news information (i.e. scientific breakthroughs) but of expert opinion which are necessary to reinforce the truth of the reports, which is the moral duty of journalists as public servants.The rest of the article elaborates on the different components of culture and language in media that needs to be understood by academic institutions which included: honesty, accuracy and reliability, importance of timeliness, sense of respect and ethics, restri ctions of news holes, consideration of readership, and significant differences in language or jargon, among others.Following Bredemeir and Stephenson (1962), sociology is an effort to illuminate as much as human behavior within the limits imposed by a scientific frame of reference and focusing attention on culture and groupness. This article features the unique framework in which journalist approach media publication in contrast to the framework of academicians or people in academic institutions.For instance, the concept of timeliness, readership and newsholes are crucial elements in mass publication that strictly impose restrictions on editorial priorities, which may run in conflict with an academician’s concept of newsworthiness and appropriateness of publication.   Thus, there are times when journalists are unable to immediately accommodate the news suggestions or features contributed by academic institutions.One of the most important things that this article emphasized is the business nature of mass media.   As business entities, news organizations try to balance newsworthiness and public service with the need to create a news product that retains readers and attracts new subscriptions on which depend their advertisements and sponsors, which often repulsively occupies the largest space in the paper to the disgust of readers.   One should understand that these advertisements constitute the bread and butter of news organizations.â€Å"It is important to understand the demographics of the news organization's readership to see if it corresponds with the demographics of the audience you're trying to reach† (Yee).   Editorial priorities and contents should match the orientation and demographics of the readership.   This is important in deciding which newspaper organization to use for an article or news you wish to publish.For instance, if one’s contributed article concerns a local initiative or statute (e.g. California Health and S afety Code on animal welfare), then it would be advisable to choose a local newspaper.   If it’s a highly technical breakthrough that concerns only a group of people (e.g. discovering a bug of the Windows Operating System), then it should published in an IT Newspaper.   But if the issue you tackle is a national or global concern (e.g. discovery for the treatment of N1H1 virus), then a national newspaper should selected.While the article was profoundly educational and informative, there is one issue averred by the author that needs further analysis and evaluation. Describing mutual relationships with mass media using C.T. Daniel, the author asserted that â€Å"relationships (with mass media) are governed by strict ethical standards and do not involve expectations for returned favors.†Daniel only adheres to the importance of honesty in media relations but the author incorrectly or inadvertently stated this as a matter of fact.   Everybody may have been familiar tha t the media had been used to condition people’s thinking and control their behavior through propaganda.   Harold Lasswell pioneered in recognizing the use of mass media for propaganda to control opinion and manipulate people which entailed a discrepancy between the information and the message conveyed among people.   (Heath and Bryant).Moreover, journalists are also humans who are subjected to commit errors.   Thus, contrary to the article, readers should not accept or absorb the information provided by newspapers plainly but should still remain evaluative and analytical in the news and articles that news organizations provide.Works Cited:Bredemeir, HC, & Stephenson, RM The analysis of social systems. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962Heath, R. and Bryant, J. Human Communication Theory and Research: Concepts, Contexts, and Challenges. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000Jennifer A. Yee   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Learning the Culture and Language of the Media† ERIC Educational Reports. FindArticles.com. 01 Jun, 2009. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pric/is_200009/ai_3530272867/  

Lurhmann’s Romeo Essay

The first camera-shot is the television at a medium shot; we slowly zoom in, while the television image shows the names of the families, then a news reporter. This show’s the families are important to be on headline news. The female reporter says about half the prologue, when the camera stops zooming, but as she nears the end the camera zooms again. When she finishes he reading the camera zooms through the television quite rapidly. As it passes the screen it continues to zoom down the street extremely fast this also shows the films speed. The zoom comes to a stop and freezes for a few seconds and a big religious icon. This is the first sign of irony, because in the action packed film they still have time to notice God. The music is a choir with a loud volume, quick pace, it has a sinister tone because it is high pitched and quite quick it sound threatening, choir is high male voices to get the sinister speed and change of the notes. The voiceover starts and the music get quieter and drop behind the voiceover; it is still play but a lot quieter. A sound of a helicopter can be heard, the camera zooms out. It comes to the family tree of the two families of Capulet and Montague. The shot changes to fire, this symbolize war, anger and aggression between the two families. This is linked by the voiceover’s words of â€Å"From ancient grudge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  his voice sounds aggressive, this shows his anger. As he says the words headlines from newspapers appear. This show powerful families and modern times. These newspapers have heads like â€Å"Montague Vs Capulet†, â€Å"From ancient grudge†, â€Å"New Mutiny† and â€Å"Civil Blood makes civil hands unclean† These headlines appear as the voiceover says them. It shows the modern families that spans of a period of time. With the quick change of the headlines it shows us it is continually changing. There is a straight cut to two tall buildings with one has â€Å"Montague† on the other has â€Å"Capulet† with a holy icon in the middle. This show power on both sides and religion caught in the middle. This also shows irony that God is between the two feuding families. At this point the music gets louder to build tension. As the music gains momentum, there is a long shot of another religious icon to that they all believe in God. The music gets even louder as they show the characters. They begin with two men of the families; both are big stocky and powerful looking men, they both wear suit and shirt, the shirts are worn casually without a tie, they are big to represent that they are the head of the families. The women are very different; the Montague Lady is smartly dressed with neat hair. She looks a few years younger that her husband, she looks intelligent and mature. Lady Capulet is young, a lot younger than her husband, blonde with puffed out hair this is more stylish and so young age more. This also so that she is as mature or smart or tidy as Lady Montague. Prince is smartly dressed, with an angry face, he is the authority figure. Paris is smartly dressed this shows he is a business man, his vanity is show by his neat but floppy hair and his little smile. Mercustio is lively but can get angry shown by the close-up of his eyes with a mean, aggressive stare. There is a straight cut as the music gets louder and a series of fast cut images, mainly about violence and hatred between the families. The music climaxes then blends into a more drum beat. As a medium shot of a group of men, labeled â€Å"the Boys† The men are acting immature and acting like boys, by shouting and being a nuisance. There clothes are Hawaii shirts with the buttons undone which exposes there skinny bodies. This shows they are rude and obnoxious but are wimps if they were in a fight. A low shot is taken of the yellow car to stand out. A point of view shot of Benvolio goes off. The Capulet car arrives we get a low angle shot of the car coming towards us, this is to show they are threatening. One of the boys, who has pink hair, makes a stupid action. Abra is seen, there is an extreme close-up on Abra’s teeth of a metal plate. Abra is big muscular, this is show with his clothes which are tight on his body. Abra has an aggressive face and looks threatening and mean. Benvolio comes back, a close-up on his face as he pulls out a gun. Extreme close-up on the gun so we can see the name, nervousness can be seen in Benvolio’s face. Benvolio is big but not as muscular as Abra. There is silence when the camera cuts to Tybalt drops a match, there is a low angle shot to show Tybalt’s shoes, it shows he is flash because he has silver heals, he crushes the match, grinding it with his solid heal as it was an enemy, this is a very strong action symbolizing hatred and aggression. Tybalt has small cat like teeth, he is thin but toned and nimble. He wears black clothes which represents bad. Also he has two guns which show he is a good gun handler this also implies he is bad. He has slick hair and a little well groomed goatee which is a cat like feature. He has a red waist coat with an image of Jesus on, this shows irony that they fight but still believe in God.  Zeffirelli’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragic romantic story, I will tell you about the opening scenes of this video e.g. Voiceover, camera angles, characters, clothes and soundtrack. The voiceover is slow with a calm tone and a low pitch. They have this voice because it fits with the slow pace of the beginning of the film; the tone is calm, slow but upset. The music in the scene is of slow pace as well and links well with the slow pace of the voiceover. The soundtrack is hushed smooth rhythm with a slow and drowsy pace; this has high notes and a sympathetic sound. The music sounds like it was composed during the time of Shakespeare. Because the music is slow and if flows nicely with the text which is an old style italic font, this suggests that the film is set in along time ago as well as the music. We get a high-angle camera shot at the beginning which pans across the town smoothly and calmly like the music and the voiceover. The camera angle shows us a medieval town. The shot shows a river flowing in the middle of the town and all the colours are pastel and flow. The camera turns up and zooms slowly at the sun, it stops and it the big italic writing saying â€Å"William Shakespeare† as though his is the best. Straight cut to town’s court medium height angle, in the background a horse and cart can be seen this shows the period of time. There is a straight cut to the Montague boys feet, kicking a dog, this show them acting badly and causing trouble. There is a long shot on the Capulets they are dressed smartly and also polite. They wear darker coloured clothes to stand out. The Montague boys are dressed in bright clothes and stand out as well but they are rude. There is a straight cut to the Montague biting his thumb which is a close up, then a close-up on the people talking. Straight cut to towns people noticing trouble, then back to a medium shot of the Montague boys.

Complete Persepolis/Season of Madness

The Complete Persepolis/ A Season of Madness These two selections are based on completely different scenarios. One takes place in Iran during its country’s revolution with Marjane, a girl trying to figure out who she is and wants while having to face her countries conflicts that affect her. The other story takes places inside a home were a woman named Fatin feigns madness and is having to do desperate things instead of admitting to an adulterous affair she had.Although these two stories may seem like they have nothing in common, these two selections have certain particular points that can be compared among each other. The three points that can be compared are about the mother, husband, and protagonist positions. Marji’s mother better known as Mrs. Satrapi or Taji s in The Complete Persepolis is a passionate woman, who is upset with the way things are going in Iran, including the elimination of personal freedoms, and violent attacks on innocent people.She actively takes part in her local government by attending many protests. Marjane's mother is very family oriented. She cares very dearly about her daughter Marjane, so much that she is willing to do anything for her happiness. She and Marjane's father were the ones who decided to send Marjane to Austria. The reason they did this was because they wanted Marjane to be safe and have a better life. The only way she could be safe is to get away from the war that was going on at the time. Majane's mother only wants her daughter to be happy.She goes far distances to do so, like going and visiting Marjane in Austria and helping Marjane with her and her husband Reza's wedding even though she did not agree with it and that shows again that she is willing to do anything for her daughter as long as she’s happy. In A Season of Madness, the mother –in – law shows no compassion. The mother-in-law is a commonly disliked figure in Arab culture, especially when she is the matriarch of the larger family. It seems as if Fatin is being controlled be this older woman that shows to have no interest towards her.At the end of the story when Fatin confesses to her unfaithfulness the mother-in law reacts with a very unlikeable personality with an attitude of her just wanting Fatin out their lives. Then his mother was clasping my hand, twisting her mouth into a grimace of pity and murmuring, â€Å"She’s crazy, poor thing. Nothing can be done for her. † (745) Marjane’s husband Reza served in the Iran army. Reza used to be a womanizer but when he met Marjane that all changed. He was into art just like Marjane, and took it very seriously.He shared love for life like Marjane and he also didn’t take the Iran government too seriously. Him and Marjane dated for a while and ended up getting married but they both changed which lead to fighting which ultimately lead to a divorce. Reza is important because he helped Marjane chase her dream of getting into the career path of art by applying to University of Tehran with her. So overall, Reza was a good husband to her that helped her along the way of finding herself. Fatin’s husband is very compassionate and loving and vows to stay with her no matter what. Poor thing, she’s so young. I swear to god, I’ll take her anywhere in the world to find a cure for her† (745) Fatin’s husband although at a point makes her seem as though she was invisible and almost as childlike only showing that his feelings are sufficient. It seems as if he was being selfish by ignoring all the things she did to get a divorce and still wanting her there with him no matter what. Influenced by her liberal parents, Marji is outspoken, aware of her environment and spends more time reading books than playing with toys. A believer in God and Marxism, and rebellious at times.Marji is a strong girl, who follows in her parents footsteps. Even though Marji ‘s view of the world changes as she gro ws, from a small little girl to a full grown woman, her feelings on life remain the same and has always been a fighter. She had many experiences throughout her life; she was the new kid at school, had to make new friends, got into the wrong crowd, smoked cigarettes, smoked weed, had boyfriends, and many other things. Marjane strongly believed in fighting for what you believe in. Sometimes her actions seemed rebellious, and they got her into trouble, but this didn’t change her feelings or ambitions.Fatin’s greatest desire is to discover her â€Å"real self† through creativity and independence, and to find her individual place in society. Fatin is suffering by being in a relationship with a man that she does not love. Fatin’s discovery of painting as an outlet is shown when she says â€Å"I stumbled along in my madness, never meeting my real self except when my eyes fell on the watercolors, which the strange light in this African country had inspired me to paint: it was a light that broke the hold of the sun’s burning rays for a short time at daybreak and dusk.I often wondered if I should tear these paintings down from the walls, in case they were what made my husband keep hoping that the old Fatin would return. † (Al-Shaykh 742) Fatin hides her pain and confusion through her paintings because she feels her marriage, children, house and sex is not fulfilling. She turns herself into a really disgusting human by doing things such as not brushing her mouth or not wearing protection during her period. She remains invisible, unrecognized, and a woman without a voice.The protagonists in these two stories seek freedom of expression and look for a voice in their own particular way. They refused to be helpless, unhappy, and an act of their own initiative to reject the role patriarchy has reserved for them. Work Cited The Longman anthology of world literature/David Damrosch, David L. Pike, general editors. – 2nd ed. Satrapi , Marjane. The Complete Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2004. Print. www. kirjasto. sci. fi/shaykh. htm www. laits. utexas. edu/doherty/africanwomen. html

Accsys Technologies Plc - Wood Production and Sale Assignment

Accsys Technologies Plc - Wood Production and Sale - Assignment Example The revenue cycle of an entity is an inherent risk, and auditors are required to assess this by performing the necessary tests to determine whether it is free of error of fraud. This inherent audit risk is related to the cutoff for some sales. It also stems from the management pressure to misstate revenues. It is, therefore, critical that auditors use the necessary tests of control and substantive procedures to give an assurance that revenues have been correctly recorded. The issues in revenue recognition start from the consignment sales refund and return rights, round-trip sales, gross sales as well as bill and hold transactions. The management overstates revenues so as to indicate that the company is performing well, thus encouraging investors and impressing the top level management. There are also cases where, human error causes the risk of revenue audit during the revenue recording where wrong amounts are recorded, or the recording is done at the wrong time. According to Colby (2012), financial statement fraud through revenues takes different forms among the timing differences and fictitious revenues. Through fictitious revenues, the concerned parties record sales that never occurred. They achieve this by manipulating or creating transactions that enhance an entity’s reported earnings. Revenues are typically fabricated through the creation of fake customers and sales. There are instances where the artificial sales involve legitimate customers through the creation of phoney invoices or price or quantity increases. The audit procedures that an auditor develops in relation to revenue auditing and the a ssessment of their outcome calls for an understanding of how the organisation operates as well as its environment. Through the timing differences, financial statement fraud arises because revenues and/or expenses are recorded in the improper period. The revenues are recognised early before it is earned leading to an immediate increase in the entity's income using legitimate sales as opposed to cases of phoney sales.  

Sanctuary Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sanctuary Reports - Essay Example Besides demonstrating loyalty and dedication to God, synagogue acts as a symbol of Jewish unity. It is a religious center and going there enables people to meet. It binds Jews together, hence facilitating unity among them. The Jewish community ascribes to one religion, i.e. the Judaism. Religious leaders in synagogues teach elements of Judaism thus joining people into one faith. Through such aspect, Jews find themselves united and loyal to what they believe. Synagogue connects Jews to divine powers and enables them to develop a personal relationship with God. Each person participates in rituals such as cleaning of hands when entering, bowing down in worship among other rituals. There is an individual commitment to perform these rituals hence promoting personal relationship with the creator. It is therefore a crucial tradition in Jewish culture that each Jew maintains from generation to another. Parents introduce their children to this religious practice at their early age. They grow up knowing the significance of attending regular services at the synagogue. There are various symbols in the synagogue with different meanings of Jewish religion. They include the ark, the scroll, Bimah, lights, inscriptions and the pulpit among other symbols. Each symbol plays a significant role in the synagogue. They make the purpose of the synagogue, complete by aiding in the performance of major rituals. Some are used by religious leaders while others are utilized by the whole congregation. Synagogue ark is different from the ark that is put in the temple. The later is only accessible to the high priest at a specific time, i.e. day of atonement. The ark in the synagogue is accessible to all Jews and is a place where they keep the scroll of Torah which contains the law. It is a safe place where the scroll is kept and cannot be damaged. This implies how valuable Torah scroll is

General Public Lacks the Knowledge and Time to Contribute To Debates Essay

General Public Lacks the Knowledge and Time to Contribute To Debates about New Technologies - Essay Example This paper discusses the issues involved with public communication of risks related to new technology. Researchers have come up with models to explain the lack of knowledge regarding various risks. This paper aims to focus on exploring these models and evaluating them in the reference to the public’s views. Modern day examples of new technology risks such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and the recent Fukushima accidents have been discussed in detail to ascertain the level of knowledge that the public has on certain risks. New technologies have undoubtedly changed the life of man, mostly for the better. However, these same technologies also come with inherent risks that can cause untold damage to the environment, property and to human life. It is concluded that, the general public lacks the knowledge and time to contribute to debates about new technologies. This is mainly due the assumptions made by policy makers and experts on the level of information that people should acces s regarding new technology risks. Proper information dissemination during a disaster helps emergency officials to properly carry out rescue missions and damage control. Understanding the perception of the public regarding risks and disasters can go a long way in effectively communicating issues and facts to do with the risks. The public should be involved in debates and discussions about the risks that come with new technologies. This is one way of ensuring that all is taken into account when formulating policies to do with disaster management.

Sterotypes and Diversity in American Research Paper

Sterotypes and Diversity in American - Research Paper Example Stories related by friends and families, narratives handed down from generations to generations, information from books and magazines, and depictions in movies and television allow individuals to formulate generalizations. Majority of these stereotypical generalizations are logically correct, however, in almost all cases, humanity is resorting to bigotry by assigning labels and categorizations about a person merely rooted in a stereotype, devoid of real facts. Through stereotyping, suppositions are made on a person or group with some individuality. Stereotypical biases are oftentimes derived from secondhand information (Grobman, 1990). Extensive and continuous circulation of stereotypes causes uncertainty between realism and fallacy for both the subject and doer (Prell, 2009). At the time the United States was experiencing remarkable changes in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries from enormous immigrant arrivals; modernization and industrial ascension; and the inclusion of women, races, and minorities in the labor force, American civilization developed preoccupations with inflexible and often vindictive cultural stereotypes in the fields of literature, arts, and the media (Prell, 2009). As portrayed in the movie industry, African-Americans are negatively stereotyped as intellectually incapable, idle, or violent. Consequently, with this type of pigeonholed films, injustice in opposition to African-Americans is promoted. Another example of media stereotype is how women, the physically perfect in particular, are constantly presented as weak, unintelligent and sexually immoral (Grobman, 1990). Fashion icons, sports figures, television and movie personalities are glamorously represented by the media as models of perfection. However, ethnic, gendered, and culture-rooted stereotypes are oftentimes impossibly achievable resulting in a great divide between genders boasted in the media and the â€Å"ordinary† sexes of society. Moreover, with the current trend o f humanity’s fixation for excellence, society is confronted with socio-cultural threats and loss of identity and ethnicity (McConnell, 2008). The dilemma frequently comes up once the ‘label’ twists from being a classifier into an insulting position for the subject, especially if the individual formulating the stereotype is a person of authority. At that juncture, it is not simply the human perception of stereotypes but the person who commands power, creates labels and holds egotistic interests that is at fault. When a stereotype is used for maneuvering an individual’s manner of judgment, it has to be classified if it is an instrument or an obstruction in the user’s opinion (Stewart, n.d.). This paper will provide an explanation as to why stereotypes are made. Advantages and disadvantages of negative stereotyping will be laid out to raise awareness on how it affects the social wellbeing of a stigmatized individual. A treatment plan in combating negat ive stereotypes through active participation of individuals, the media and the educational system, will likewise be presented. The Reasons behind Stereotypes Nowadays, the term 'stereotype' is perceived as a form of maltreatment and exploitation. Diverse groups, predominantly the black outcasts, inferior-to-men women and discriminated gays, are stereotyped in the mass media and in the

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT - Essay Example For providing a flexible work approach and induce engagement among employees, result oriented employee programme was implemented. Also, an innovative employee incentive programme was initiated by the company where employees were asked to make choices with respect to rewards and incentives. Contents Introduction 4 Answer 1- Best Buy Employee’s Programmes 4 Answer 2: Assessment of Best Buy’s Job Listings 5 Answer 3: Employee Recognition Program 7 Answer 4: Motivation of Store employees 8 Conclusion 9 Reference List 10 Introduction In order to succeed in a business, effective management of employees is essential. Employee management programs are one of the few important HR strategies included in every stage of the overall human resource management process. The objective of the present report is to evaluate the various employment as well as customer retention strategies used by Best Buy. The case study has been evaluated as various strategies have been identified. The advan tages and disadvantages of the various employee programs implemented by Best Buy have been discussed. The study also analysed various theories relative to employee management and their applications in real business environment. With an understanding of the various theories and successful management of employee programme, a new employee recognition programme was also developed. Answer 1- Best Buy Employee’s Programmes Best Buys initiated three different employee programmes with the objectives of increasing overall growth and performance of the organisation. These are: 1. Customer- Centricity Customer centricity approach was implemented by the CEO of best buy in order to find out the most profitable customers of the organisation and giving maximum attention to them so that they become regular and loyal customers. This approach is based on Maslow’s need hierarchy theory. Thus, the company is aimed at satisfying the highest order needs of their customers. Advantages- thoug h it is difficult to identify the needs of different customers, through regular feedback, conversations and observations, it is possible to identify the exact requirements of important customers. This will help the employees as well as the store managers to prepare specific strategies for customer retention as well as increasing loyalty towards the products and services. Disadvantages- the major disadvantage is that it cannot be tested empirically and the theory does not apply to all form of jobs or work. In case of organisations set of needs which govern different customers might be different. 2. Results Oriented Work Environment Results oriented work environment or ROWE was implemented in the organisation so that employees are able to perform job in their most creative as well as efficient manner. The application of the programme is based on Vroom’s expectancy theory. According to the expectancy theory, individuals act in a particular way because they expect that choosing a particular behaviour over other will give them the desired or expected result. Advantages- the major advantage of expectancy theory is that it helps in achieving maximum satisfaction and minimum dissatisfaction within the interest of an individual. Since the psychological focus is ultimate satisfaction, individuals will always be willing to rectify their mistakes and take correct steps in order to achieve results. Disadvantages-

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Art - Essay Example It should of course be understood by the reader that although proceeding analysis is indicative of this author’s interpretation, it cannot be viewed as the only correct interpretation. The first of these is of course the most important fact that the figures within the context of the sculpture are indicative of dance; appropriate to the arena in which they are displayed. However, more importantly than merely dance, the figures do not represent gender, age, race, or any other factors that would engage the viewer with any level of bias. Instead, the artist chose to represent them as faceless and genderless as a means of engaging with the widest audience possible and drawing a level of thought and contemplation to the emotions and feelings that the dancers themselves represent. The level of emotion and feeling that is displayed within the sculpture is also an item of considerable importance due to the fact that the dancers are not only engaged in mid stride for a particular dance that is un-described; they are also in a clearly celebratory stage of this dance. The viewer is left to imagine whether the action that is captured is indeed part of the dance itself or is instead the exemplification of the completed action and the final movements that the dancers make as a way of engaging the audience and their approval of the performance that has just been presented. It is the belief of this particular reviewer that the latter is most likely the case as the upraised arms on the part of both dancers helps to engage the imagination with a celebratory movement that is being performed as the final part of a well received performance. Moreover, the position of the feet, upturned on the part of the character in the foreground and flat/running on the part of the charac ter in the background is indicative of a type of victory stance and celebratory lap that is usually engaged within the final

Role and Functions of Law Essay Example for Free

Role and Functions of Law Essay Law is vast and diverse, which makes it overwhelming and confusing. The main purpose of the law is to create order in society and business. Law can be defined as â€Å"the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members, so Law is a formal mechanism of social control† (Sixth Form Law, 2012, par. 4). The following will describe the function of law and what role it has in society and business in addition to looking at how law affects a specific industry. Because American law is so diverse, it is broken down into several categories. Those categories include; Criminal law versus Civil law, Substantive law versus Procedural law, and Public law versus Private law. Please note that these categories are broad, and they are not mutually exclusive. An act or transaction can be classified in more than one legal category (Melvin, 2011). First, laws, primarily statutes, are considered to be criminal or civil. Criminal law protects society. It is between private parties and society. For example, if someone is brought up on murder charges they would be tried in a criminal court of law. Violations of criminal law could result in penalties of fines or imprisonment to violators if convicted of the crime and proven to have intentionally committed the crime. Civil law is between private parties. Civil laws are created to compensate parties who have experienced losses because of the other parties’ actions. Examples of civil law could be divorce and accidental injury cases. Next are the differences between Substantive law and Procedural law. Substantive law is a statutory law, which deals with the relationship between people or people and the state. Substantive law is used to define, regulate, and create people’s rights and obligations. They deal with the structure and the facts of the case to determine the type of crime and the severity. It also defines the rights and responsibility of the accused. For example, there are several degrees of murder, depending on the circumstances and the intent; there are different levels of punishment. On the other hand, Procedural law is a set of rules that govern the proceedings of criminal lawsuits and civil proceedings. It elaborates on the steps of how the case should proceed as well as assists in determining if the case requires a trial. These laws ensure fair practice and consistency in the due process (Diffen, n. d. ). Last is the summary of Public law and Private law. Public law governs the relationship between individuals and the government. It includes constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Domestic violence is an example of Public law. Private law, also known as common law in some countries, governs the relationships between individuals. It includes civil law, labor law, commercial law, corporations law, and competition law. An example of Private law would be a contract for services. If someone renders a service according to the request of the client, but the client is not happy with the results and refuses to pay for this service. This agreement is legally binding and the rules of transaction are governed by the common law of contracts (Melvin, 2011). There is much to digest once reading about the categories of law and to think this is just skimming the surface. In addition to these categories the Congress is given power via the Commerce Clause to â€Å"regulate Commerce among the several states† (Melvin, 2011, p 32). If Congress chooses to regulate certain persons or products, the federal law is supreme to the state law that tries to regulate the same persons or products. In the case of Cipollone v. Liggett Group, the state law regulating advertising for tobacco products were preempted by the federal law (Melvin, 2011). It is important to know how state and federal laws can affect society and business. One industry, which is under constant scrutiny, is Appraising. Appraising has both state and federal laws to abide with, and they are constantly changing. Appraisers are required to obtain certain standards that are set forth in the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP), which is published by the Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal Foundation. If an appraiser fails to comply with these standards there could be punishment of fines, lawsuits, or loss of license. In conclusion, it is important to know the basic roles and functions of law in both society and business even though it is vast and diverse. Laws are needed to create balance and order within society and business, and they can be broken into broad categories to obtain the basic knowledge.

The Corporate Communication Strategy

The Corporate Communication Strategy This report aims to critically evaluate and analyse the corporate communication strategy, framework and main issues influencing a corporation. The company that I have chosen to examine and apply the knowledge of corporate communication is Microsoft Corporation. Communication strategy of Microsoft Corporation applies or follows which enabled it to expand and grow its business with such an immense efficiency. How does the organisation incorporates main issues of corporate communication; such as, communicating with external and internal stakeholders, maintaining its identity, image and reputation to reflect its organisational behaviour, the organisations attitude towards cultural influence, the role and impact of technology, and lastly, the role of Human Resource Management in contribution of its effective communication and overall performance in global context. (Cornelissen J, 2004) states that corporate communication is a function of corporate identity, corporate image, corporate brand and corporate reputation for the goodwill of the organization and its ongoing concern which is making profit. Corporate communication is a modern term of Public Relations. The term corporate communication is increasingly being used in practice to describe the management function that is still referred to as public relations in academic literature (Groenewald, 1998). According to surveys, over half of the heads of corporate communication departments administer communication functions. They are as follows; External and internal communications Managing corporate reputation and brand Recruiting and retaining Product launches Developing company strategy Corporate social responsibility Boosting investor or analyst perception Managing crises Corporate communication is simply the process of exchanging information within and outside of any organisation with concern of the above mentioned functions to run it effectively and efficiently. It is taken as an important aspect for any organisation to develop and flourish its capability at its best. However, it is more crucial to organisations that operate globally. Most of the successful organisation has used corporate communication as the means of success because it helps to formulate their distinctiveness, their status and mark their existence in the mind of their customers. Background of the organisation: Microsoft Corporation was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in USA. It is a multinational company with headquarter in Redmond, WA, United States, and its subsidiaries in 110 countries. With 182,884 employees in USA and worldwide and annual revenue of USD 62.48 billion, it can be said that it is one of the worlds largest and dominant software companies. It provides software, services and solutions to people and businesses world-wide. The company focuses on research and developing, manufacturing, licensing, and supporting wide range of software products and services for various types of computing devices. The major software products and services it provides are; operating systems for servers, personal computers, and intelligent devices, different types of personal and business applications, software development tools, online services platform, and games; taking into consideration and benefiting all range of people from business, students, workforce to households. *According to the Microsoft Corporation, The Microsoft mission is to help people and businesses around the world realize their full potential. We work to accomplish this mission through the development of innovative products and services that help people harness the power, opportunities, and benefits of technology. http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/our-commitments/reporting/about-microsoft/ The communication strategy and its framework in the organisation: An effective corporate communication strategy is very important for any organisation to overpower todays highly competitive and information driven business environment. It protects an organisation from negative publicities and limits misleading steps of the corporate. Strategy requires choices deciding what particular kind of value an organisation wants to deliver and to whom (Porter, in Gibson, 1997). Implementation of proper and practical strategies can bring equal opportunity to people; resulting in distribution of innovative information, resolution of conflict and coordination in organisation. X-Border communication strategy issues include; degree of adaptation and standardisation, consistency, internal vs external, corporate identity and reputation, costs, role of technology. As a multinational organisation, Microsoft Corporation adapts almost all of the x-border communication strategy to stay on top of the market. (see Appendix) Steve A. Ballmer, CEO, Microsoft Corporation, states that they see their citizenship strategies and business strategies as complementary, creating shared value for Microsoft shareholders, employees, stakeholders, and society. http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/our-commitments/reporting/ceo-intro-letter/ Neil Holloway, President of Microsoft Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), focused on the balanced objectives of driving customer satisfaction, improving integration across Microsoft business units, addressing the unique technology needs of diverse markets, and growing the software business in the region. http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/neilho/default.mspx The statement of Neil Holloway and Steve A. Ballmer clearly implements the communication model (shown below) in Microsoft. Keeping in mind of their identity and image, they deliver messages to their shareholders, employees, stakeholders, and society by the use of Management communication, Organisational communication, and Marketing communication. (see Appendix 1) Figure 1: Communication model, Strategy of the organisation (M. Welch and P. Jackson, 2007) Communication framework In all organisations, communication flows vertically and horizontally, internally and externally, formally and informally linking employees internally to each other and to various layers of management, and to the many external resource holder of the organisation (Fombrun and Riel, 2006). There are three main types of structures of the company and they are as follows; Functional Matrix Project Microsoft follows the matrix structure to perform communication (see Appendix 3). It has horizontal divisions for international operations and vertical divisions for product groups. Mike Love, senior director of corporate communications at Microsoft EMEA says that Microsofts matrix of management decision-making and the challenge to communicate through this matrix is very complex. He also adds that Internal and External communicators each have geographical, functional and product-area responsibilities as their direct focus (see Figure 2, below). http://www.melcrum.com/articles/clutter_at_microsoft.shtml Figure 2: Areas of responsibility at Microsoft Microsofts governing body is the Annual Meeting of Shareholders and the executive body is the Board of Directors (see Appendix 4). Microsoft adapts a centralized and functional area accompanied by a network of decentralized structure for adapting the function to the special needs of the independent business units. The main issues relating to corporate communication External and Internal communication External communication: External communication refers to communicating with external parties of an organisation which includes customers and business partners, suppliers, media, and competitors. Communication with customers: Customers are the most influential part for any organisation to exist in business environment. Microsoft claims that the success of their company is based on their ability to listen and respond to customer feedback about their products, programs, and services, and to increase customer satisfaction with all of the possible ways. They continually engage with their customers and partners through third-party surveys and feedback mechanisms within their products, and community-based websites (see Appendix). However, Microsoft has not institutionalised engagement of external stakeholders in corporate decision-making. Their customer and partner experience (CPE) strategy is sponsored by their chief operating officer and president of the Microsoft Business Division. Communication with media: Media is one of the most powerful and critical areas of any corporate communication function. According to Argenti (2009), the media are both a constituency and a conduit through which investors, employees, and consumers receive information about and form images of a company. It has the ability to turn a business up or down in a matter of seconds. It is very essential for corporation to understand this matter and have a good relationship with media. Microsoft has good understanding on this matter. Hence, they have included media as one of the areas of responsibilities (see Figure 2). They have a separate section in their company site called Microsoft News Center where it provides latest updates and information on company. For media, it has a section called Press Tools with Press Releases, Analyst Reports and many more. It has also established number of air-traffic control tools to avoid misleading and misinterpreting messages to media (see Appendix). Communication with competitors: The main competitors of Microsoft are Google, Apple, VMware, Oracle, and Open source (Linux and Firefox). However, Google is seen to be the prior competitor of Microsoft. Microsoft keeps up-to-date information about its competitors. Microsoft had some problem with its competitors in past and was accused for its unhealthy competition (see Appendix). This had a negative impact on the reputation and image of Microsoft. Since then, Microsoft has been keeping healthy relationship and healthy competition with its competitors through changes in its products and services, filtering words when having conversation on their competitors. http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/208984.asp Communication with Government: Government is involved in all stages of business development. As Microsoft operates in various regions and areas globally, it makes sure to follow the national, regional, and local bylaws and legislation of the country. Microsoft also sense importance of collaboration among the internationally recognized groups. Its Citizenship and reporting strategies are guided by those laid out in the Global Reporting Initiative, the Global Network Initiative the United Nations Global Compact, the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, and the Carbon Disclosure Project. Communication with shareholders: However, the company does not provide training to staff on stakeholder engagement, nor do they disseminate the principles through more than one medium or translate them into other languages. Microsoft has also not institutionalised external stakeholder engagement in corporate decision-making.**** Internal communication: Strong internal communications- fostering increased workforce loyalty and productivity will thus continue to play a pivotal role in a companys employee relation and overall success (Argenti, 2009). Microsoft fully realise the role of employees and vendors for its overall success. It is also aware that with change in culture and business environment, employees and their attitudes, beliefs are changing and they need to be treated in different ways. To understand the values and attitudes of employees to gain their loyalty and productivity, effective communication among and with employees is very crucial. Communication with employees: One of their most important developments during the past year has been the establishment of an Internal Communicator Community (see Appendix). They have also developed a new approach to the annual planning process by creating a forum for sharing internal and external communication plans across all business disciplines to build a one company approach. They have also established a regular quarterly meeting and monthly Live Meeting1/conference call for all Public Relations leads in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) regardless of their areas of responsibility. This has become a clearing house for communication plans and has helped establish the discipline of air-traffic control. Communication with vendors: http://www.itworldcanada.com/news/microsoft-adds-human-element-to-corporate-communications/110453 Identity, Image, and Reputation The concept of corporate identity is traced by organisations marks or logos, name, motto, products, services, and any other possessions of the organisation that is visible and tangible to differentiate themselves from their competitors and print their image in the minds of consumers (Argenti, 2009). Image is shaped by the identity of an organisation, it is the way internal and external constituents perceive the organisations identity get fulfilled. Finally, strong reputation of an organisation is achieved when identity and image align with each other. Microsofts identity is majorly reflected by its name, products and services, market capitalisation, market capture, and Bill Gates, former CEO, Microsoft Corporation (see Appendix). Microsofts image has been problematic since its establishment. It has been accused Microsofts holds a highly valued reputation Read more: Corporate Identity http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Con-Cos/Corporate-Identity.html#ixzz18qO7ytiL Corporate Identity Names, Brands, Symbols, Self-presentation is perceived by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Employee Image Investor Image Community Image Customer Image The sum of their Corporate Reputation perceptions equals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Figure 3: Reputation Framework (Argenti, 2009) Culture and its influence in corporate communication Any organisations culture is reflected by the behaviours, attitudes, beliefs, norms and values of its employee working with each other towards attaining a common goal. It has become a serious issue with prevalence of globalisation (see Appendix). Hofstede (1980, 1982, 1987) has outlined five dimensions of cultural impact in an organisation. They are as follows; Power distance Individualism Vs Collectivism Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity or Feminity Long term or Short term Microsoft believes that the following listed values guide their behaviours and it is reflected in their employees in their interaction with each other and their stakeholders. Integrity and honesty Passion for customers, partners, and technology Open and respectful with others and dedicated to making them better Willingness to take on big challenges and see them through Self-critical, questioning, and committed to personal excellence and self-improvement Accountable for commitments, results, and quality to customers, shareholders, partners, and employees (see Appendix 5) The above statements by Microsoft shows that it follows collectivism idea, there is no power distance as employees believe in open and respectful relation with each other. They believe in one company approach. We should communicate with and not at our internal audiences, engaging in a dialogue not a monologue. Such an approach fits well with Microsofts corporate culture, which strives to be devoid of hierarchy. http://www.melcrum.com/articles/clutter_at_microsoft.shtml The role of technology The role of technology in carrying on communication effectively has been immense. With rapid development of technologies nowadays, it is almost impossible to have a thought of communication without technologies. Microsoft Corporation itself is a leader in developing and distributing innovative technologies world-wide. There are numerous software products and services produced by Microsoft for communication use. However, technologies that they use for internal and external communication are; e-mails, video conferencing, teleconferencing, telephones, webcasts, podcasts, blogs, internal intranet site, air-traffic control tools, and integrated communication planning. The role of Human Resource in corporate communication HRM is a strategic and coherent approach to the managers of the organisation. The most valued assets, the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievements of its objectives. (Armstrong, 2003). According to Ulrich (1997), there are four roles of Human Resource Management in an organisation. They are as follows; Administrative expert Employee champion Change agent Strategic partner http://www.stw.de/typo3temp/pics/c98097d6bc.jpg Figure 4: The HR Business Partner (based on an idea by Dave Ulrich, 1997) Conclusion and recommendation In conclusion, Microsoft practices a very good and practical corporate communication strategy and framework. Microsoft follows the matrix structure with strongly centralized and wholly decentralized framework for communication. They understand the importance of effective communication between their internal and external stakeholders for their success. Microsoft has implemented various communication tools and plans, such as, air-traffic control tools and integrated communication planning specially for effective communication with employees and media. The use of technologies for communication are; e-mails, telephones, video conferencing, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, Annual Report, Press Releases, internal intranet site. Their identity is basically its name, products and services, and Bill Gates, former Chairman of Microsoft who is known as one of the wealthiest people alive. Their image and reputation were frequently in stake and problematic with different kinds of accuses. However, they are doing their best in overcoming and maintaining a superior image. Microsoft practices open and respectful culture with equal opportunities for all employees. They practices This invariably means they work within communication silos roles rather than taking a broader view of the company as a whole.

Childrens Learning :: Language Learning Essays

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It endeavours to answer the question – what is language and how is it represented in the mind? Language is a system of symbols and rules; exclusive in its form to human beings that enables us to communicate. Symbols are things that stand for other things: words, either written or spoken, are symbols and the rules specify how words are ordered to form sentences. Language symbols are arbitrary, with no necessary connection between the symbol, be it word or gesture, and the object or idea to which it refers. For example, if one wanted to construct a new word for ‘tree’, they could use almost any legitimate combination of sounds that are not already being used for other purposes. However, symbols must be used systematically for effective communication to occur. The arbitrary symbol system must be shared; for communication to take place at least two people must have access to the system. There are a number of dimensions to language acquisition and development and each stage occurs chronologically. These are as follows:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phonology – study of the sound patterns of language. It is concerned with how sounds or ‘phonemes’ are organised and examines what happens to speech sounds when they are combined to form words and how these sounds interact with each other. It endeavours to explain what these phonological processes are in terms of formal rules.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Semantics – is our knowledge of word meanings and how we acquire vocabulary. The semantic component is made up of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning that may be combined with each other to make up words. For example, the word ‘paper’ and ‘s’ are two morphemes that make up the word ‘papers’.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Syntax – syntax is the study of sentence structure. It attempts to describe what is grammatical in a particular language in terms of rules. These rules detail an underlying structure and a transformational process. The underlying structure for English, for example, would have a subject-verb-object sentence order (‘James kicked the football’) and the transformational process would allow an alteration of the word order, which could produce something like ‘the football was kicked by James.’ The syntactic component consists of the rules that enable us to combine morphemes into sentences. As soon as a child uses two morphemes together as in ‘more juice’, he or she is using a syntactic rule about how morphemes are combined to convey meaning.

Research Paper Notes on Diabetes :: Prevalence and Incidence

Article #1: Prevalence/Incidence Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Diabetes for 2010 and 2030 Diabetes is a disease that continues to increase worldwide. It continues to be a large problem in both developed and undeveloped countries. This article summarizes a study that focused on the future estimated number of people diagnosed with diabetes from 2010 to 2030. The findings were that the amount of people diagnosed with the disease would increase worldwide by about 1% (increasing by about 200 million more diagnosed adults ranging from ages 20-79 years old). It does not sound like much, but the number of people diagnosed with diabetes in underdeveloped countries would increase by about 69% by 2030 and the number diagnosed in developed countries would increase by about 20% by 2030. This article goes to show that the problem of diabetes is not going away anytime soon. It is a growing epidemic that continues to affect millions of people worldwide. I think that more people need to be educated about diabetes and their personal lifestyle choices that affect their health in such an immense manner. I know that it is easier said than done, but knowledge is power. And in this case, the more knowledge people have about diabetes and diabetes prevention, the more the numbers of people diagnosed with the disease will go down. Article #2: Treatment Liraglutide: Effects Beyond Glycaemic Control in Diabetes Treatment The article expresses the correlation of obesity and patients with type 2 diabetes and how the GLP-1 receptor, Liraglutide, can stimulate weight loss in these obese patients. Because of their high levels of insulin resistance, obese individuals have a greater chance of being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. After performing clinical trials by treating patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, it was found that Liraglutide does stimulate weight loss as well as increase beta-cell function. Scientists believe that Liraglutide can decrease the number of patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes as well as prevent Cardio Vascular Disease. I found this article to be very interesting. I knew that obesity played a large role in the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, but I did not know the lengths to which scientists are trying to decrease obesity through certain hormone injections. I think that the growing obese population in the United States should adopt a healthier overall lifestyle before having to turn to hormone injections for weight loss. Even though the use of Liraglutide can lower both Type 2 diabetes and Cardio Vascular Disease, so can a healthy lifestyle.

The Doryphoros :: Essays Papers

The Doryphoros Description This stone sculpture is a naked human-like figure standing six feet tall. The body is in chiasmos stance with the left leg slightly bent and the left foot slightly behind the right. The head is turned slightly downward and to the right, and its size is approximately 1/6 of the body. The hair is cropped closely to the head with no part. The body has a defined musculature, however the forearms appear to be missing. There is an object behind and to the right of the right leg that is about 2 feet tall and 10 inches wide. Formal Analysis This sculpture seems to epitomize the ideal male human form. All of the body parts seem perfectly proportioned and the muscles are beautifully defined as if the image were of an athlete. The image is youthful with a calm demeanor. The right missing forearm looks as if it used to be resting at his side, while the left elbow was probably at a 90 degree angle, with the hand holding something. The slight bend in the left leg gives the impression of movement, as if the image was frozen while walking. The counterpoised stance adds an air of nobility to the "man". Historical Analysis The sculpture is a Roman copy of the original Greek bronze made by artist Polykleitos in 450BC. It is recorded that he made the Doryphoros as an example of perfect proportion. He wrote a book to accompany the statue called, "The Cannon of Proportion, " and countless artists copied the statue because of its perfection. This regal figure was named Doryphoros (Greek for "spearbearer") because it originally held a long spear in its left hand.

Beyond Romantic Ecocriticism: Toward Urbanatural Roosting Essay

One of S. T. Coleridge’s many passions was â€Å"the Science of Words, their use and abuse and the incalculable advantages attached to the habit of using them appropriately†¦ † (Aids to Reflection 7). This passion drove Coleridge to coin over 600 words, including â€Å"psychosomatic,† â€Å"romanticize,† â€Å"supersensuous,† and memorable phrases like â€Å"the willing suspension of disbelief. † (In fact, the new electronic edition of the Oxford English Dictionary lists Coleridge as #59 in the â€Å"Top 1000 sources for quotations,† only a few slots behind the Bible). He also coined the word â€Å"desynonymize† in the belief that clarity in language went hand in hand with clarity in thinking. The importance of words, and coining new ones where necessary, is precisely where Ashton Nichols begins his intriguing book. Nichols invents a word — â€Å"Urbanature† — in order forge a new understanding of our relationship to the natural world. This term (which, as Nichols helpfully points out, rhymes with â€Å"furniture†) â€Å"suggests that nature and urban life are not as distinct as human beings have long supposed †¦ ll human and nonhuman lives, as well as all animate and inanimate objects around those lives, are linked in a complex web of interdependent interrelatedness† (xiii). Likewise, Nichols refashions the term â€Å"roosting† to describe â€Å"a new way of living more self-consciously on the earth† by creating more temporary, environmentally sensitive homes in the surrounding environment (3). By engaging these terms, and examining their eighteenth and nineteenth century antecedents, Nichols hopes to renew our views of nature at a time of increasing peril for our urban, suburban, rural, and wild environments. Nichols interweaves several types of sources and methodologies in this project: Romantic and Victorian poetry and prose, the history of science, ecocriticism, and personal memoir. In taking an ecocritical approach to Romanticism, Nichols aligns his work with Jonathan Bate’s The Song of the Earth (2000); Kate Rigby’s Topographies of the Sacred: The Poetics of Place in European Romanticism (2004); and James McKusick’s Green Writing: Romanticism and Ecology (2003). But besides conversing with these earlier studies, Nichols’ book features something unusual for a scholarly monograph: personal memoir -not just in the preface and afterword, which is more common — but interleaved in the chapters themselves, where–bit by bit–Nichols reconstructs a full year spent roosting in a rustic stone cabin and select urban spots. In both idea and text this interfusion (to use a Coleridgean coinage) levels the barriers between nature and culture, city and country, academic and personal. While Robert Macfarlane’s wonderful book Mountains of the Mind (2003) also alternates between an intellectual history and personal narrative, Nichols pushes even further by fusing these genres with a manifesto for environmental action. At the heart of this book is a reevaluation of the concept of nature, a project that began, according to Nichols, â€Å"not with the environmental revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, but with a new definition of ‘Nature’ first offered by Romantic writers in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries† (xvi). In Romantic Natural Histories: William Wordsworth, Charles Darwin and Others (2004) and a fascinating website called Romantic Natural History, Nichols has already displayed his admirable command of the period’s literature and science. In this new, deeply interdisciplinary book, he examines conceptions of nature in the poetry of Wordsworth, Shelley, Erasmus Darwin, Keats, and Tennyson; in the prose of Thoreau and Hardy; and in the science of wonder cabinets, natural history museums, and zoos. Nichols finds a precedent for â€Å"urbanature† in the science and poetry of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, which both relied upon metaphors. In science and poetry alike, he shows, â€Å"the mind makes metaphors from the nonhuman (‘natural’) world as often as it does from human (‘urban’) world† at a time when â€Å"poetry (in fact all art) and natural philosophy (in fact all science) were more closely linked than they often seem today† (10). He reminds us that when Coleridge was asked why he attended so many lectures of human physiology in London, he replied, â€Å"I attend Davy’s lectures to increase my stock of metaphors. For Nichols, â€Å"the poetic-scientist needs imagination buttressed by facts, or facts fired by imagination, to make new metaphors† (142). Nichols cites Stephen Hawking’s visualization of a black hole as a contemporary example of the poetic-scientist, and the double-helix shape of DNA arriving in a dream came to my mind as well. Nichols examines the legacy of Romantic poetry through an ecocritical lens, exploring the ways in which the Romantics represent the natural world. Ultimately, however, he aims to go â€Å"beyond Romantic Ecocriticism† because â€Å"one element of Romanticism has contributed to the problems that urbanature seeks to resolve† — namely, a view that â€Å"nature is somehow opposed to urbanity, the wild is what the city gets rid of, human culture is the enemy of nature† (xxi). The goal of urbanature is to remove these harmful divisions: A look at the legacy of Romantic natural history will move beyond the word â€Å"nature† as it has been employed since the Enlightenment — and beyond the nature versus culture split — toward the more inclusive idea of â€Å"urbanatural roosting. Finally, I will argue that Romantic ecocriticism should now give way to a more socially aware version of environmentalism, one less tightly linked to narrowly Western ideas about the self, the â€Å"Other,† and the relationship between human beings and the natural world. Urbanatural roosting says that, if all humans are linked to each other and to their surroundings, then those same humans have clear obligations to each other and to the world they share. (xvii) Moving beyond Romantic ecocriticism, Nichols seeks to dissolve entirely the opposition between â€Å"nature versus culture, the natural versus the artificial, man versus nature †¦ ne of the last great Western dualisms that needs to be bridged or dissolved† (203). For Nichols, these dualistic categories are â€Å"old lines of arbitrary separation† that prevent us from seeing both city and country as â€Å"locations equally worthy of human care and concern, all equally serving of the attention needed to sustain them† (200). Despite their anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism, the Romantics did succeed in envisioning a dynamic, vital force at work in both the human and natural worlds. In certain poems by Keats and Coleridge, Nichols posits that â€Å"one unified power causes all of these natural effects [of the wind, the bird, or the frost], but this power is nothing more than a series of physical processes contained in nature, what John Locke and others had called a ‘natural law'† (27). In Shelley’s â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† Nichols finds a similar merging of the human and natural in an â€Å"autumnal and naturalistic paradise† (124-5). But rather than finding transcendence in the oem, he writes: â€Å"I want to forget about Shelley’s sentimentality (â€Å"As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need†) and set aside his characteristic overstatement (â€Å"I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! â€Å") and think instead about precisely what he achieves in these justly famous lines of poetry. The wind here is not merely moving air; it represents the life force itself; the elan vital, the chi, a vital energy that pervades the universe† (125). For Nichols, this world is purely material: â€Å"the prophecy itself is nothing more complex that a simple truth of material nature: spring always follows winter†¦ Shelley produces a resurrection poem without any link to the supernatural. He offers a promise of natural power and organic efficacy without any reference to a world beyond the physical world, beyond the world I can see and hear and feel outside my window every day†¦. † (127). But can this naturalistic reading of the poem account for its wealth of secularized biblical imagery? For its references to prayer, the thorns of life, apocalyptic showers of black rain, fire, and hail, and most especially the prophetic stance in the concluding lines? These are, I think, spiritual and supernatural motifs that possibly engage a transcendent third category beyond nature and culture. Nevertheless, abandoning this idea of the transcendent may be the very first step necessary for realizing â€Å"urbanature. † Nichols highlights the inherent cultural bias that shapes our conceptions of nature: â€Å"what we observe when we observe nature,† he writes, â€Å"is not some Platonically pure nature in itself, but a nature that is always changing, always determined by specific circumstances, by my consciousness, and by precise conditions in each contextual instance† (188) . Our cultural context today is more variegated and includes a greater familiarity with atheistic, agnostic, and non-Christian spiritual traditions as well as wider gaps between science, literature and religion. Nichols is consistently forthright in his desire to refashion the term â€Å"nature† for our times. Towards the end of the book especially, the manifesto-like rhetoric gains strength: â€Å"Like ecocentrism, urbanatural roosting will not be so difficult. All it will require is that every one of us should think about, care about, and do something good about every place, every person, every creature, and everything that each of us can effect on planet earth† (206-7). Nichols calls for nothing less than a new ethic, an â€Å"ecoethic† that recognizes the intrinsic value of both animate and inanimate nature. Nichols has a gift for writing about the history of science: the best chapters in this book elucidate emotional responses to science in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. He sees pleasure â€Å"as a concept that links Romantic poetry to Romantic science in significant ways. Pleasure located in the nonhuman world, and pleasure taken by humans in the natural world, are concepts that comingle in a whole range of Romantic metaphors and writings: anthropocentric, ecocentric, and otherwise† (88). Nichols salutes the galvanizing force of wonder in Romantic science, a topic also brilliantly explored by Richard Holmes in The Age of Wonder (2008). â€Å"Zoos and other forms of live or dead animal displays,† writes, Nichols, â€Å"-as I have already suggested in my reflections on natural history museums — emerged out of precisely the combination of scientific curiosity and fascination with spectacle †¦ To see something new and amazing is often to learn something new, but the experience is also about being excited, titillated or amazed†¦ (153). But he also charts darker terrain. For colonizing scientists, he notes, â€Å"it was ethically acceptable to cage other creatures, even human creatures, as long as the knowledge thus gained could be codified or organized as part of the great encyclopedic project† (154). He gauges too the sheer volume of death implicit in Darwinian natural selection and the horror of deep time, necessitated by new geological and fossil evidence, that demonstrated â€Å"how insignificant human life — and all of human civilization -seemed in the face of the timeline required for these incremental biological changes to occur† (61). These are riveting pages. There is no question that Nichols has written a wondrous book, innovative in its merging of genres, richly veined with intellectual history, literary criticism, and a passionate vision for the future of environmentalism. I read it with great pleasure and wonder, and wrestled with the questions it presented for many days. Indeed, taken as a whole, the book resembles two metaphors Nichols draws from the history of science: Darwin’s famous â€Å"entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about† and all of its â€Å"endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful† (16) and wonder cabinets, a subject dear to my heart. In both the entangled bank and the curiosity cabinet, a sense of wonder leads to a deeper engagement with nature. Nichols’ best nature writing — including chronicles of intense I-thou encounters with a bobcat and dolphins — also resonate with wonder. Perhaps cultivating this sense of wonder is the Romantics’ greatest legacy for modern environmentalism, one that could help heal the divisions that imperil our world today.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Experiment

The experiment by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used bacteriophages, or viruses that contaminate bacteria and radioisotopes. Hershey and Chase already knew that viruses were composed mainly of DNA and protein; however, they did not know if DNA or protein was the genetic material. Hershey and Chase used radioisotopes to mark the DNA and protein. They used the radioactive isotopes phosphorus and sulfur because DNA contains phosphorus and proteins contain sulfur. Using these radioactive isotopes gave them the ability to distinguish between the DNA and the protein.They rationalized that if they allowed ample time for a bacteriophage to contaminate a bacterial cell that the genetic material would be discovered in the bacterial cell after the contamination. After allowing bacteriophages to infect the bacterial cells, they noticed that the radioactively labeled DNA was found inside the bacterial cell, and that the radioactively labeled protein was found outside of the bacterial cell. Hers hey and Chase concluded that DNA was the genetic material that was introduced to the bacteria during contamination by a bacteriophage.Griffith worked with two different strains of Streptococcus pneumonia, a type S strain, and a type R strain. Type S bacteria were characterized by the existence of a polysaccharide, which allowed them to evade being attacked by the host cell's immune system; however, type R bacteria did not have such a polysaccharide capsule. Griffith injected type S bacteria into the mice. Due to the existence of the polysaccharide capsule, the type S bacteria were able to thrive in the mouse's blood stream. Therefore, the mouse died. Afterwards, Griffith injected type R bacteria into mice.Type R bacteria did not have the polysaccharide capsule so they were not able to elude the defenses by the host cell's immune system. Consequentially, the mouse still survived because the bacteria were destroyed by the immune system. Next, Griffith added the heat-killed type S bact eria into the mice. The bacteria were heat-killed preceding the injection into the mouse so the mouse survived. Finally, Griffith injected living type R bacteria and heat-killed type S bacteria into the mouse. Griffith discovered that the mouse died.He concluded that the living type R bacteria were altered into the type S strain. Evidently, the type R bacteria had developed genetic material from the heat-killed type S bacteria; however, Griffith did not know what the genetic material was. Meselson and Stahl conducted experiments to determine whether or not DNA followed the semiconservative, conservative, or dispersive model of replication. The semiconservative model states that the two daughter molecules each consist of one old strand, from the parent, and one newly constructed strand.This is the model that is currently accepted. The conservative model states that the parent molecule is preserved after DNA replication. Lastly, the dispersive model states that each of the four strand s has a mixture of old and new DNA after replication. Meselson and Stahl’s experiments involved radioisotopes. They cultivated bacteria into a medium containing nucleotide precursors marked with Nitrogen-15. The bacteria combined the Nitrogen-15 into their DNA. The bacteria were then moved into a medium containing Nitrogen-14.Any recently made DNA would appear lighter than the parental DNA made in the medium containing Nitrogen-15. The contents of the container were positioned into two separate tubes and centrifuged. One tube was centrifuged for 20 minutes and the other tube was centrifuged for 40 minutes. The first round of replication in the Nitrogen-14 medium produced hybrid DNA, which disregarded the conservative model. The second round of replication in the Nitrogen-14 medium produced both light and hybrid DNA. This rejected the dispersive model and reinforced the semiconservative model.

Strategics

What are the benefits of strategic  planning? Understanding the Benefits of Strategic Planning For Entrepreneurs Your venture’s goals and strategy define the purpose and competitive advantage that will set it apart from others. Your goals help define your intent, and strategy is the plan of action that describes activities for dealing with the environment and for reaching your venture’s intended goals. When combined, goals and strategies define the scope of operations and the relationship with employees, customers, competitors, and other stakeholders.The term â€Å"strategy† is widely used in the business world today. It is one of those words that people define in one way and often use in another, without realizing the difference. It is derived from the ancient Greek word meaning â€Å"the art and science of the general deploying forces for battle. † Your strategy is a plan for interacting with the competitive environment to achieve your intended goals. Some think of goals and strategies as interchangeable. For purposes of our research, goals define where your venture wants to go, and strategy defines how your venture will get there.This formal process of setting goals and creating a strategy adds legitimacy, provides employee direction and motivation, helps form decision-making guidelines, and provides criteria for your performance. In essence, the process of strategy formulation sets the general directions in which your venture’s position will grow and develop—your goals and objectives represent the ends that you are seeking to attain. Whereas the strategy is the means to these ends, strategic management is positioning and relating your venture to its environment in a way that will ensure its continued success and make it secure from surprises from competitors.This is competitive strategy, the search for a favorable competitive position in an industry, aiming to establish a profitable and sustainable position agains t the forces that determine industry competition. Benefits of Strategic Planning for Entrepreneurs Strategic planning is a logical, analytical process for choosing your venture’s future positions vis a vis the environment. The most common defect of entrepreneurs is myopia, a lack of long-range perspective in thinking or planning. In the sports world they say, â€Å"Luck is where preparation meets pportunity. † Lance Armstrong, a bicyclist with five consecutive Tour de France wins to his name, prepares by â€Å"thinking the race through† before he ever starts down the road. In the business world this preparation comes from strategic planning. As Michael Porter writes, â€Å"The essence of formulating competitive strategy is relating a company to its environment; the best strategy for a given firm is ultimately a unique construction reflecting its particular circumstances. † So look at new business venturing as a chess game.To be successful you must be able to anticipate several moves ahead in advance. Thinking about your strategy is like thinking about the scenarios of plans, for example, what to do if/when competitors come into your space. Strategic planning is the process of thinking about and creating these scenarios, and the business plan is the document that communicates the fact that you have figured it out. According to Henry Mintzberg, the key to successful strategic decision making is not just looking out into the future, but having a capacity and willingness to learn from experience.A new venture has to start somewhere, with a collective understanding of what it is supposed to be doing and where it should be going, and strategic planning aids in this learning. But entrepreneurs cannot wait until the competition is engaged before planning. The inevitable confusion that accompanies any battle and that renders the clearest plans difficult to execute is called the â€Å"fog of war,† a term first coined by the nineteenth- century Prussian general Karl von Clausewitz (1780–1831).Crafting Your Business Strategy Strategic planning is the process through which you profitably match your internal resources with shifting market demands and based on an opportunity. In a must-read article for all entrepreneurs learning about strategic planning, â€Å"Crafting Strategy† in Harvard Business Review, Mintzberg states that a business strategy should be crafted because â€Å"craft evokes traditional skill, dedication, perfection through the mastery of detail. His point is that â€Å"strategies can form as well as be formulated. † There are two key components that need to be crafted together to logically spell out, as Drucker calls it, the business purpose. The first is a coherent encapsulation of your products and services, the markets and types of customers you serve, and the benefits they derive. The second component should identify the â€Å"key activities and how they will be carried out to realize the logic for competing. It is this the tight integration of the reasons for competing and for organizing lays the foundation for your venture’s competitive advantage that becomes the basis of its superiority over rivals in serving a particular market or market segments. Strategies are not set in stone. In fact, 84 percent of the CEOs leading fast-growth ventures said their business had changed target markets, even from the time when they launched. Although the business may change, the questions that drive strategic planning remain fixed. Start thinking about the following key questions: – Where are we now? – Where

Figures of Speech in the Waste Land

Some figures of speech in the wasteland Figures of speech comprise two main categories. One category twists the meaning of words to wrest a new non-literal meaning from words that, when phrased together, have a very different literal meaning, as in the idiomatic figure of speech, â€Å"He died from laughter. † Literally, this means a man met his demise due to laughter. Figuratively (i. e. , non-literally), this means he laughed with vigor for a long time. Figures of speech that twist meaning are classified as  tropes.The other category enhances meaning by arranging and rearranging words and word order to dramatize, emphasize or more elegantly express the point at hand. For example, an analogy may be more dramatically made by using a  chiasmus  that inverts parallelism in a typical abba component arrangement. For example, consider the inverted parallelism of this: The day [a] but shines [b], but glows [b] the night [a]. Figures of speech that enhance through words, sounds , letters, word order and syntax are classified as word schemes, or justschemes.It is clear from this brief explanation of figures of speech that  The Wasteland, with a figure of speech as its very title, will be replete with figures of speech of both kinds,  tropes and schemes. In this format, I can identify a few prominent ones, the first being the title. The Wasteland  is the overarching figure of speech (trope/metaphor) that shapes this entire poetic treatise on the state of the world in Eliot's day. The title of Part I, â€Å"The Burial of the Dead,† is itself a significant figure of speech, also a metaphor, that establishes the central idea of the work.For Eliot, following World War I (1914-1918), Earth itself was ravaged, torn and dead, â€Å"Lilacs out of the dead land †¦. † This figure of speech signifies that death resulting from WWI encompasses the dead who died in battle and the dead who still breath though dead inside from horror and from the lo ss of dead Earth: A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, 62 I had not thought death had undone so many. â€Å"Son of man† is another important figure of speech, an allusion and metaphor, as this is to whom portions of Part I are addressed: Son of man, 20You cannot say, or guess, for you know only A heap of broken images, Another important figure of speech (trope/analogy and symbol) found in Part III, â€Å"The Fire Sermon,† is Tiresias, the blind old man who sees â€Å"At the violet hour†: I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives, †¦ can see At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220 Homeward, †¦ This figure of speech is important because it represents Eliot's point and belief that the living dead cannot see, can no longer perceive, what is around them, what is true.This is also an allusion to the Biblical precept that those who see are blind, that is, cannot see spiritual truth. Figures of speech of the  scheme  kind a re also present, though seemingly less prominent and used for elegance and compression rather than for significance. An example is found in Part III: â€Å"the young man carbuncular. † Here the word order is changed so that the adjective modifier â€Å"carbuncular† follows the head noun (â€Å"man†) of the noun phrase. Standard word order would be â€Å"the carbuncular young man. † This sort of rearrangement of word order, with the adjective coming after the noun, is called an  anastrophe

University bookstore Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

University bookstore - Research Paper Example The university bookstore has been in operations for the past fourteen years, the presence of the book store has been of significance for the university as well as the students due to the fact that it has been providing academic material as well as computer supplier.Due to the fact that the computer supplies are in more sdemand during he intake season usually during the fall season or the proceeding summers. The demand arising due to the usual intake of students as well as the accumulating demand over the previous intake, causes the operations of the bookstore are affected unusually. Arising primarily from the scenario that the orders for he computer comes through out the summers aside from that of that of the sophomores or the newly admitted, the competitive advantage maintained by he book store has been due to the bottom-line prices charged by he sore. Hence, considering the fact that the book sore is charging such low prices, as the profit base and keeping in view that if the store orders to many supplies, the cash reserves become very low, besides that storage concerns have to be accounted for as well. The quantity demanded by the students for the computers also determines the number of employees to be hired for the installation to take place.It would be most appropriate to mention that the forecasting models despite the comparison of relative accuracies remain models to forecast. Hence, their accuracies remain subject to the actual outcome of the event they forecast. As a consequence, whether it is through the means of Linear Equation, Seasonal Indexes or Smoothing Techniques such as Averages, they remain subject to the risk involved from the aspect of actual outcome. University Bookstore Computer Sale Data Table 1: The Sales for University Bookstore Student Computer Purchase Program Year 1 Computer Sold 518 2 651 3 708 4 921 5 775 6 810 7 856 8 792 9 877 10 693 11 841 12 1009 13 902 14 1103 The above data has been provided in the form of a diagram on the next page, since the raw data in itself would prove to be discerning. A graphic representation is a more appropriate alternative to examine the trends in the quantity of the computers sold. The diagram

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Business Law - Essay Example e scenario Abigail has no actual financial or other damages as a result of the contract, she might have been awarded damages if she had sued and won against the seller. Since the seller had failed to deliver the new car to Abigail as agreed in the contract, he would have been liable for material breach which would have permitted Abigail to either compel him to performance or collect damages as a result (Stone 25). Abigail would have been awarded special damages; special damages are awarded to a claimant as a result of a breach for the quantifiable monetary losses that he or she may suffered as a result of the breach. This would have included compensation for direct loss or consequential losses if she would have proved that failure by the seller to deliver the car had caused her economic loss. Basically, the damages would have either sought to compensate her for direct loss or to place her in the position she would have been if the contract had not been breached (Stone

Contemporatry social problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporatry social problems - Essay Example The film literally bursts with the theme of racial prejudice as a multi-colored cast careens in and out of the screen to make their presence felt. From the first frame, it already shows a black man sitting with a Hispanic woman, both police officers in a car that got bumped by another. This woman gets insulted by the Chinese lady driving the car that bumped into theirs and calls her a Mexican who â€Å"blakes (translated as brake) too fast†. She, in turn, wields her sword of a tongue to throw back the sarcasm by commenting to the petite Chinese lady that â€Å"Maybe if you see over the steering wheel, you’d blake too!† Indeed, one can’t help but judge one another based on physical appearances and the stereotypes they represent. Same goes for the American gun dealer who gets impatient with foreigners who speak their language in front of him, making him feel left out. Sensing that these Mediterranean customers are Arabs, he snaps at them by saying, â€Å"Play your jihad on your own time†. When the customer reacts angrily, saying he is an American citizen who has the same rights as everyone else, the dealer goes on his offensive oration on how these foreigners have no right to destroy America. He is suggesting that the customers are would-be terrorists, relating it to the â€Å"recent† September 11 terrorist attacks. The man is sent out of the store leaving her daughter behind while the dealer continues his hostile verbalizations. In doing so, he is unaware that he himself is terrorizing a lady. The overly- ethnocentric black car robber who constantly complains about how blacks are being unfairly discriminated upon in L.A. is one example of a self-fulfilling prophecy. He believes that the white server in the restaurant ignored them because they were blacks and because blacks are not known to give tips, proved her right by not leaving a tip at all, justifying that they had poor

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Public health - Essay Example of this kind of disparity in the American society that necessitated the creation and formation of special statutes like Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA). These special statutes provide a roadmap for affordable and easily accessible healthcare for the less privileged American citizens. For example, EMTALA advocates for free and quick health care provision to persons in dire need of medical attention but have no money or insurance cover offset their hospital bills (Schecter). It is true that the years during the existence of our grandparents, prevalence of infectious diseases was of great concern to the members of the various societies. However, these fears came to pass upon the rise in innovation and expansive research conducted to identify viable ways to eradicate the threats. The curiosity, expansive research and increased innovation led to the development of antitoxins and vaccinations that provided immunizations against various communicable diseases. Before the industrial revolution, traditional societies relied on herbs and witchcraft for medicinal and protective purposes without any form of diagnosis. The industrial revolution that facilitated the rate of innovation and creativity led to intensive research that saw improvement in the field of healthcare and healthcare delivery. Today, there various research efforts are underway to elevate the status of healthcare delivery targeted to enhance and the foster quality of

Rudolf Steiners ideas for the care and education of young children Essay

Rudolf Steiners ideas for the care and education of young children - Essay Example If the olds are facing this hardship trying to deal with the new things in this world how much more the young ones who will be raced up in this kind of world There is a saying that "the young's are the hope of the land". As they took step on the developmental period specific behaviors represent qualitative changes in the structure or function of these organisms that appear over a given stage following progressive sequences. And so they undergo physical developments until they become adults like us. Childhood phase is the said to be the molding ground for individuals. It serves as the foundation of a human being. The Head of the German Theosophical Society, Rudolf Steiner believed that children passes through three seven-year stages and that education should be appropriate to the spirit for each stage. Birth to age 7, which he said is a period for the spirit to adjust to being in the material world. At this stage, children best learn through imitation. Academic content is held to a minimum during these years. Children are told fairy tales, but do no reading until about the second grade. They learn about the alphabet and writing in first grade. According to Steiner, the second stage of growth is characterized by imagination and fantasy. Children learn best from ages 7 to 14 by acceptance and emulation of authority. The children have a single teacher during this period and the school becomes a "family" with the teacher as the authoritative "parent". The third stage, from 14 to 21, is when the astral body is drawn into the physical body, causing puberty. These beliefs are acceptable but let us examine carefully the curriculum he is trying to imply. As he built his Goetheanum; the school of spiritual science of Waldorf school for the children of workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1919 and currently operating in North America. Steiner designed the curriculum of his schools around notions that he apparently got by special spiritual insight into the nature of Nature and the nature of children. The education here focuses on myths and other non-Christian thing. Aside from that they are encouraging Satanism which is not morally upright for a Christian Society. Children must learn how to be love and appreciate love and affections the gain from others. They should learn things about them and answer their questions related to where they came from. Why not teach some about the Creator. His views pertaining to caring to children are appropriate, he value the stages that an individual is in. He considered the stages where the child is in need. He said that children at the 0 to 7 years old are adjusting him in the material world. Yes that's true. Aside from living in a material world of course the child must have the material support too, coming from the parents who are the guardians. As from the Abraham Maslow's Hierarch of Needs that before an individual reach the point or level that he is a self - actualized person, a person must first take his step in having the Basic needs, including clothes, foods and any material supports before he

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Health care marketing - Essay Example Additionally, the health care institution should work to maintain a good brand name among the locals. The primary aim of this factor is to capture the external environment, which consists of the patients. This offers the health institution with an external insight of its brand in terms of marque image, brand personality, and brand familiarity.  Furthermore, the health facility should take into account innovation as a major factor for its marketing strategy. Innovation should take place in all departments of the hospital. This will increase the overall margins of the health facility and develop a new mindset to its patients. Secret shoppers or mystery shoppers are people hired by other rival organizations or business to spy on the progress of another business entity. The familiarity of secret shoppers is not common in many organizations since organizations set their own targets to achieve as opposed to benchmarking with other rival businesses. Mystery shoppers are popular in healthcare institutions equally to other business. This is because they aim to evaluate how healthcare is delivered in healthcare organizations and aim to correct important information and procedures that can be adapted in rival healthcare